What is Lumbar Disc Herniation?
The intervertebral disc is the shock absorbing cushion located between each vertebral body. Discs consist of an outer fibrous ring called the annulus fibrosis, with an inner gel-like substance called the nucleus pulposus. Disc herniation occurs when the outer annulus fibres begin to crack and break open allowing the inner nucleus pulposus to begin to leak out. There are four stages of disc herniation:
- Disc degeneration: weakening of the disc.
- Prolapse or bulging disc herniation: a change in position or shape of the disc (disc bulge) causing some impingement into the spinal canal.
- Extrusion: when the inner nucleus pulposus breaks through the outer annulus fibrosis but remains within the disc.
- Sequestration: when the inner nucleus pulposus breaks through the outer annulus fibrosis and lies outside the disc within the spinal canal.
Disc herniation most commonly affects the lumbar or lower back region. Symptoms of lumbar disc herniation include back pain, leg and/or foot pain, muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, and loss of bowel or bladder control. Risk factors for the development of lumbar disc herniation include age, improper lifting techniques, obesity, repetitive trauma to the spine, prolonged sitting posture (desk work or driving), sedentary lifestyle and smoking.
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Headaches & Migraines
Shoulder Pain
Elbow Pain
- Ulnar Collateral Ligament Sprain/Strain
- Radial Head Subluxation (Nursemaid’s Elbow)
- Radial Collateral Ligament Sprain/Strain
- Posterior Impingement Syndrome
- Osteochondrosis (Panner’s Disease)
- Olecranon Bursitis (Miner's Elbow)
- Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow)
- Little League Elbow Syndrome
- Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
- Joint Hypermobility Syndrome
- Elbow Joint Dysfunction
Finger and Thumb Pain
Wrist Pain
- Wrist Tendinopathy
- Wrist Ganglions
- Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome (Guyon’s Canal Syndrome)
- Triquetrolunate Dissociation
- Triquetrohamate Instability
- Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injury
- Superficial Radial Nerve Compression (Cheiralgia Paresthetica/Wartenberg’s Syndrome)
- Scapholunate Dissociation
- Scaphoid Fracture
- Radial Tunnel Syndrome
- Pronator Teres Syndrome
- Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome (PINS)
- Kienbock’s Disease
- Intersection Syndrome
- Hook of Hamate Fracture
- Dorsal Impaction Syndrome
- De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis
- Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Anterior Interosseous Syndrome
Knee Pain
- Tibial Plateau Fractures
- Tennis Leg
- Proximal Tibial-Fibular Subluxation/Dysfunction
- Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Injury
- Popliteus Tendinitis
- Pes Anserine Bursitis/Tendinitis
- Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (Runner’s Knee)
- Patellofemoral Arthralgia (Chondromalacia Patellae)
- Patellar Tendinitis (Jumper’s Knee)
- Patellar Dislocation and Subluxation
- Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) of the Knee Joint
- Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joint
- Osgood-Schlatter Disease
- Meniscus Injuries to the Knee
- Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injury
- Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) Injury
- Knee Joint Dysfunction
- Iliotibial Band Syndrome
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury
Head And Neck Pain
- Whiplash Injury (Hyperflexion/Hyperextension Injury)
- Torticollis (Wry Neck)
- Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
- Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ Disorder)
- Herniated Cervical Disc
- Cervical Spondylosis
- Cervical Spine Sprain/Strain
- Cervical Segmental Joint Dysfunction
- Cervical Radiculopathy
- Cervical Facet Syndrome
Back Pain
- Transient-Structural Scoliosis (Sciatic Scoliosis)
- Thoracic Segmental Joint Dysfunction
- T4 Syndrome (Upper Thoracic Syndrome)
- Structural Scoliosis (Idiopathic Scoliosis)
- Shingles (Herpes Zoster Virus)
- Scheuermann’s Disease
- Non-Structural Scoliosis (Postural Scoliosis)
- Kyphosis
- Juvenile Scoliosis
- Infantile Scoliosis
- Compression Fracture
- Adult Scoliosis
Lower Back Pain
- Spondylolisthesis
- Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
- Sacroiliac Injury
- Reactive Arthritis (Reiter’s Syndrome)
- Mechanical Low Back Pain
- Lumbosacral Injury
- Lumbar Spondylolysis
- Lumbar Spinal Stenosis (Lumbar Canal Stenosis)
- Lumbar Segmental Joint Dysfunction
- Lumbar Facet Syndrome
- Lumbar Disc Herniation
- Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Hip, Groin and Thigh Pain
- Trochanteric Pain Syndrome
- Trochanteric Bursitis
- Traumatic Hip Dislocations
- Transient Synovitis
- Stress Fractures (Neck of Femur Fracture)
- Snapping Hip Syndrome
- Slipped Capital Epiphysis (Adolescent Coxa Vara)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hip Joint
- Quadriceps Muscle Strain/Quadriceps Muscle Tear
- Paget’s Disease
- Osteoarthritis of the Hip Joint
- Osteitis Pubis
- Muscle Contusions/Myositis Ossificans
- Meralgia Paresthetica
- Leg-Calve-Perthe’s Disease (Avascular Necrosis of the Hip)
- Ischial Bursitis
- Iliopectineal Bursitis and Iliopsoas Bursitis
- Hip Fractures
- Hamstring Muscle Injury
- Femoroacetabular Impingement
- Congenital Hip Dislocation (Congenital Hip Dysplasia)
- Adductor Muscle Injury
- Acetabular Labrum Tears